Because the traditional method does not consider the release rate of salty whey protein particles after adding flocculants, the error in the peak test of the Flocculation Activity of the ovarian animal whey protein particle solution is relatively high, which leads to the unreliable analysis of the Flocculation Activity. Therefore, a method is proposed. A new method for analyzing the Flocculation Activity of egg-shaped animal whey protein particle solution. According to the basic characteristics of whey protein, the basic structure of the Flocculation model was reset to improve the purification effect of the whey protein particle solution in eggs. By calculating the loading rate and analyzing the effect of the flocculating carrier on the stability and release of individual particles, the release rate of salty whey protein particles after adding flocculants can be obtained. Combining the Activity distribution with the propagation algebra, the Flocculation Activity analysis result is obtained. Experimental results show that this method can effectively reduce the error rate of the peak Activity test, improve the reliability of the analysis of the Flocculation Activity of the ovarian animal whey protein particle solution, and has better stability and analysis effect than the traditional method.

The aim of this study was to look for high efficient bioflocculant-producing microorganisms. Among 36 bacterial colonies isolated from a crude petroleum oil sample, three of them as Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas spp. exhibited Flocculation Activity exceeding 90 % after 3 days of cultivation. They were identified by 16 S rDNA sequence analysis as Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas sp. Spectroscopic analysis of the polymers by nuclear magnetic resonance and fourier-transform infrared revealed that the polymers were glycoproteins. These polymers were soluble in water and insoluble in any organic solvents tested. The effects of bioflocculant dosage, temperature and pH on the Flocculation Activity were evaluated. The maximum bioFlocculation activities were observed at an optimum bioflocculant dosage of 3.5 mg/L (strains Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas) and 5.0 mg/L (strain CPO14), respectively. In addition, these biopolymers were able to flocculate kaolin suspension (5 g/L) over a wide range of pH (pH 3–9) and temperature (5–50oC) tested in the presence of CaCl2. The highest Flocculation activities of strains CPO8, CPO13 and CPO14 were 96.03 %, 92.17 % and 97.59 %, respectively in the early stationary phase (at 24 h), while the cell production reached its maximum in the stationary phase (at 72 h). Their efficient Flocculation capabilities suggest potential applications in industries.

In most countries, sanitary landfilling is the common way to dispose municipal solid wastes. In the operations, leachate treatment is a difficult and expensive process. Although, leachate can be treated by biological processes, COD removal efficiency is usually low due to high ammonium ion content and the presence of toxic compounds such as metal ions. This experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of coagulation–Flocculation process on the Hamadan landfill leachate treatment in the city of Hamedan. Also the effects of different coagulants with various dosages and pH values in the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids were studied. Results showed that the efficiency for COD removal by Poly Aluminum Chloride at pH=12 and 2500 mg/L of coagulant, by alum at pH=12 and 1000 mg/L of coagulant dose and by ferrous sulfate at pH=12 and 1500 mg/L of ferrous sulfate dose were 60%, 62.33% and 70.66%, respectively. Also results showed that, the efficiency for Total Suspended Solids removal by Poly Aluminum Chloride that was obtained at pH=12 and 2500mg/L concentration of Poly Aluminum Chloride, by alum at pH=2 and 1500 mg/L concentration of alum and by ferrous sulfate at pH=7 and 2500mg/L of ferrous sulfate, were 39.14% , 58.37% and 35.58%, respectively. Based on results of this study, the best coagulant for COD removal was ferrous sulfate and the physico-chemical process may be used as an effective pretreatment process, especially for young leachate, prior to post-treatment (polishing) for partially stabilized leachate.

During estuarine mixing, dissolved metals come into the particulate phase due to the Flocculation processes. Such processes are biologically vital. In the present study, controlling mechanisms of elemental Flocculation during estuarine mixing in northern and southern estuaries of Iran in relation to the various physical and chemical parameters of waters have been compared. Except for zinc and lead, for other studied elements in Minab River, water flocculate at higher rates in comparison with the rivers flowing into the Caspian Sea. Redox potential might have negative effect on Flocculation process in Minab Estuary. Contrary to rivers flowing into the Caspian Sea, in Minab River elemental Flocculation is governed by dissolved organic carbon and it shows a non-liner and conservative behavior during estuarine mixing which implies that dissolved organic carbon originates from terrigenous source. The results also shows that maximum removal of elements occurs in lower salinities (1.5 to 5.8‰) for the rivers in North of Iran and 3.3 to 11.4‰ for Minab River in South of Iran. Flocculation of studied metal in different rivers results in reduction of overall metal pollution load by various percentages. The initial metal contents on river water and mean discharge of river might lead to higher Flocculation rates.

Surfactants are among the most widely disseminated xenobiotics that contribute significantly to  the pollution profile of sewage and wastewaters of all kinds. Among the currently employed chemical unit processes in the treatment of wastewaters, coagulation-Flocculation has received considerable attention for yielding high pollutant removal efficiency. Jar-test experiments are employed in order to determine the optimum conditions for the removal of surfactants, COD and turbidity in terms of effective dosage, and pH control. Treatment with FeCl3 proved to be effective in a pH range between 7 and 9. The process is very effective in the reduction of surfactants and COD, the removals are 99 and 88 % respectively, and increased BOD5/COD index from 0.17 to 0.41. In addition to precipitation coagulation process, adsorptive micellar Flocculation mechanism seems contribute to the removal of surfactants and organic matters from this rejection.